Questions & Answers - Chapter 3
Question 1: Name at least three renewable energy sources.
Answer 1: Sun, wind energy, and hydroelectricity.
Question 2: For what purpose are solar cells (or photovoltaic cells) used?
Answer 2: To collect solar rays and convert solar energy into electrical energy.
Question 3: Into what form of energy do plants and trees transform solar energy?
Answer 3: Into chemical energy, which is stored in food.
Question 4: Is solar energy polluting?
Answer 4: Of course not.
Question 5: What is a wind turbine (aerogenerator)? Into what form of energy does it convert the kinetic energy of air?
Answer 5: An aerogenerator is a {turbine - alternator} system. It converts the kinetic energy of the air into electrical energy.
Question 6: Name at least two hydroelectric power plants in Lebanon.
Answer 6: Markaba and Charles Helou.
Question 7: What is the role of turbines in hydroelectric power plants?
Answer 7: Water stored in lakes or behind a dam possesses gravitational potential energy. It is directed towards turbine blades which convert this potential energy into rotational kinetic energy.
Question 8: List three fossil fuels.
Answer 8: Coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
Question 9: Two major nuclear accidents have occurred in history. Name the locations (countries) of these two accidents.
Answer 9: In Pennsylvania (USA) and Chernobyl (former Soviet Union).
Question 10: What is pollution?
Answer 10: It is the contamination of the Earth's environment by substances that disrupt human health, quality of life, or the normal functioning of living organisms.
Question 11: Distinguish between biodegradable and non-biodegradable pollutants.
Answer 11: Refer to course notes.
Question 12: What is meant by "clean energy"?
Answer 12: It is a non-polluting energy source.
Question 13: List some effects of air pollution.
Answer 13: Irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat are common effects of air pollution.
Question 14: What is the greenhouse effect?
Answer 14: Certain gases form a layer in the upper atmosphere. This layer prevents infrared (IR) thermal radiation emitted by the Earth from passing back into space, causing global warming.
Question 15: Name the primary gas responsible for the greenhouse effect.
Answer 15: Carbon dioxide. Other greenhouse gases include water vapor and methane. This effect can disrupt agriculture, raise sea levels, etc.
Question 16: For what purpose are thermal solar panels used?
Answer 16: Solar panels convert solar energy, via the greenhouse effect, into thermal energy in order to heat water.
Question 17: Name a primary energy source and a secondary energy source.
Answer 17: The Sun (primary source); a lamp (secondary source).
Question 18: What is the effect of long-term exposure to sulfur dioxide?
Answer 18: It can cause bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchial tubes).
Question 19: What is the effect of exposure to carbon monoxide?
Answer 19: It reduces the blood's capacity to transport oxygen, which can lead to cardiovascular disorders.
Question 20: What is the effect of smoking cigarettes on health?
Answer 20: Cigarettes are a direct leading cause of lung cancer. Nearly 30% of cancer deaths are caused by smoking.
Question 21: Name three components of "smog".
Answer 21: Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides.
Question 22: Explain how air pollution dangerous for our planet.
Answer 22: Air pollution warms the planet. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, raising global temperatures.
Question 23: What is meant by "smog" and what is its effect?
Answer 23: Smog is polluting fog in city air. It appears as a dense haze resulting from fossil fuel combustion and exhaust gases from vehicles and industries.
Question 24: What are the main causes of water pollution?
Answer 24: Sewage water, industrial waste, general litter, and agricultural chemicals are the main sources.
Question 25: What causes soil pollution?
Answer 25: It is caused by the accumulation of toxic chemical compounds, salts, radioactive materials, and disease-causing pathogens.
Question 26: What can soil pollution destroy?
Answer 26: It can destroy agricultural crops, forests, and soil ecosystems.
Question 27: Define "biomass".
Answer 27: Biomass refers to living or recently living organic matter capable of providing energy, such as trees, animal waste, crops, and organic refuse.
Question 28: Why is a device called a "catalytic converter or filter" installed in vehicles?
Answer 28: To reduce atmospheric pollution caused by toxic gases emitted during fuel combustion.
Question 29: Why is it recommended to use unleaded gasoline in vehicles?
Answer 29: Because lead is a major toxic pollutant linked to severe health issues, including cancer.
Question 30: Specify the effect of carbon dioxide pollution on the Earth.
Answer 30: It leads to global warming via the enhanced greenhouse effect.
Question 31: How do trees and plants help maintain atmospheric gas balance?
Answer 31: Through photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) and release oxygen (O2).
Question 32: Name a form of wasted energy in an electric cell/battery.
Answer 32: Thermal energy (heat).
Question 33: Is hydroelectric energy renewable? Justify.
Answer 33: Yes, because water is continuously replenished through the natural water cycle.
Question 34: Name at least two nuclear fuels used in nuclear power plants.
Answer 34: Uranium and plutonium.
Question 35: Give some harmful effects of water pollution.
Answer 35: The death of fish and destruction of aquatic ecosystems.
Question 36: What factors contribute to soil pollution?
Answer 36: Accumulation of toxic chemical compounds, excessive salts, radioactive matter, and pathogenic organisms.
Question 37: Mention two harmful effects of soil pollution.
Answer 37: Destruction of crops and degradation of forest lands.
Question 38: Suggest three ways to reduce air pollution.
Answer 38:
• Use catalytic converters and filters in transportation.
• Plant more trees and expand green spaces.
• Transition to clean renewable energy sources.
• Use catalytic converters and filters in transportation.
• Plant more trees and expand green spaces.
• Transition to clean renewable energy sources.
Question 39: What harmful gases are released by the combustion of petroleum in vehicles?
Answer 39: Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and sulfur oxides.
Question 40: Give an example of a clean energy source.
Answer 40: Solar energy (the Sun).
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